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Cadernos de
História e Filosofia da Ciência. Campinas,
CLE-Unicamp, Série 3, v.15, n.1, jan-jun. 2005 VOLTAIRE AND ROUSSEAU ON THE
LISBON EARTHQUAKE* José Oscar de Almeida Marques ABSTRACT: The existence of
evil seems to imply, according to the old Epicurean dilemma, that God cannot
be both benevolent and omnipotent, and the search for the tortuous paths of
Providence tends to become particularly urgent in the wake of great
disasters. Voltaire’s Poème sur
le désastre de Lisbonne, and Rousseau’s Lettre à Monsieur de Voltaire are two important attempts to
provide philosophical answers to the questions raised by the great Lisbon
earthquake of 1755. Voltaire’s alternative is simply to refuse the
optimistic “all is well” philosophy of Leibniz and Pope, and
proclaim that genuine and not only apparent evil is indeed loose on Earth.
Rousseau undertakes the more arduous task of defending Providence, and
manages to present some original considerations based on the idea of human
responsibility in the disaster. In spite of a seemingly clear-cut opposition
between the two authors, I hope to show in this paper that their disagreement
is not so radical as it might seem, and that both are more interested in the
practical consequences of their interpretations than in a dry re-enactment of
old metaphysical and theological discussions. *A
preliminary version of this paper, under the title “Facing the Epicurean
Dilemma: Rousseau and Voltaire in Search of Providence”, was presented at the
XIIIth Colloquium of the Rousseau Association “Rousseau, Voltaire, and
Fanaticism”, at the St Hugh’s College, Oxford, UK, on 28 June, 2003. |